Birds and Blooms

Rose Pogonia or Snake-mouth Orchid,  Pogonia ophioglossoides  (above, left and below)    Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

The wonders of nature will forever inspire one’s curiosity and exploring the world of Bogs,  Fens and Pocosins will add a whole new chapter of discovery for the aspiring naturalist and those who enjoy the passion of native plant and wildflower photography.  Planet Earth is blessed with a vast variety of ecosystems and each offers diversity and intrigue.

I will begin my “imagery” with the Orchid Family,  along with a short narrative outlining these fascinating ecosystems.  My exploration of these delicate habitats will remain a “work in progress” and I have “by no means” completed my study nor the photography of all species of bog-related flora,  so as the years progress,  I will update this post as I go along…  The underlined gold text will provide links to more information on a subject or location.

Throughout my years of photographing nature I’ve always had a special interest in our wetland habitats,  along with the plants, birds and animals that call them home.    Growing up in the south,  I spent a lot of time exploring swamps and coastal marshes and have continued my adventures in the like-wise habitats of the Mid-Atlantic states and beyond,  but mostly for the song birds and raptors that breed or winter in this region.  Several years back I developed an interest in the glacial wetlands of the Appalachian chain as well as the bogs and fens of the coastal plains;  primarily in search of,  and to photograph the colorful wild orchids that  inhabit these ecosystems.

are by far some of North America’s most unique wetlands and are distinguished by spongy peat deposits,  highly acidic waters and a thick carpeted floor of sphagnum moss resulting in a wetland ecosystem with a very specialized and unique flora that can only grow in these conditions called acidophiles.  Northern bogs are primarily associated with lower temperatures and shorter growing seasons along with abundant precipitation and high humidity allowing excessive moisture to accumulate and stand rather than from runoff, groundwater or streams.

The majority of bogs in the United States are found in the glaciated Northeast and Great Lakes regions.  Northern bogs will often form in older glacial lakes,  some with considerable amounts of open water surrounded by floating vegetation or the vegetation may have filled the lake completely,  known as “terrestrialization”.   The flora of the northern bog can consist of Cotton Grass,  Cranberry,  Blueberry,  Pine,  Labrador Tea,  Tamarack,  an assortment of wild orchids and a host of other native plant, shrub and tree species adaptable to the conditions.

Rose Pogonia Orchid,  Pogonia ophioglossoides
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

Bogs farther to the southeast are known as Pocosins, a word derived from the Algonquin Native American word for “swamp on a hill.”   These consist of evergreen shrub bogs found on the coastal plains from Virginia to Florida,  although most are common to North Carolina.

are found within broad,  flat,
upland areas,  far from large 
streams,  and like northern
bogs  are “ombrotrophic”,  meaning rain provides most of their water,  and like the bogs farther north,  pocosins are found on waterlogged, nutrient poor and acidic soils.
The soil itself is a mixture of peat and sand containing substantial amounts of charcoal from periodic burnings.  These natural fires occur because pocosins periodically become very dry in the spring or summer.  The fires are ecologically important because they increase the diversity of shrub types in pocosins.  The most common plants are evergreen trees that include the Loblolly Bay,  Red Bay and Sweet Bay,  along with evergreen shrubs such as the titi,  fetterbush and Zenobia.

The endangered Venus Flytrap,  Dionaea muscipula ,
is also found in the pocosin.

like bogs were formed when the glaciers retreated and became peat-forming wetlands that receive nutrients from sources other than precipitation;  usually from small stream sources through drainage from surrounding mineral soils and from groundwater movement.  Fens differ from bogs because they are less acidic and have higher nutrient levels.  Fens can support a much more diverse plant and animal community.  These ecosystems are often covered by grasses,  sedges,  rushes and wildflowers and take on a meadow appearance.  Over time,  peat may build up and separate the fen from its groundwater supply.  When this happens,  the fen receives fewer nutrients and may become a bog.

Grass Pink Orchid,  Calopogon tuberosus, (above and above right)   Valmont Bog Sanctuary,  Luzerne County,  Pennsylvania

Finally …   Bogs,  Fens and Pocosins are not the only habitats where you can experience “bog-specific” flora.   Acidic small mountain streams,  seeps and some fresh-water wetlands can play host to some of the plant species that are found in and around the above noted,  and more pronounced bog ecosystems.

Grass Pink Orchid,   Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands,

As I mentioned above,  wild orchids are my passion and spurred my interest to pursue the world of wildflower photography.  I will continue with a few other favorites of this  family before exploring the other plant species related to bogs and bog-like ecosystems.  There are so many orchids I have yet to see,  more-less photograph,  that I could spend a lifetime following my quest.  Many are at distant locations,  so my adventures will be many.

You may notice that I will not give the “exact” location of the orchids I find and photograph simply because so many fall victims to poaching which has become somewhat of a lucrative business for some of the thieves out there.  However,  I will make note of a few bogs that are well-known to the public and that are under scrupulous supervision by notable organizations.  Otherwise I will just generalize as to state and county or geographical locations and it will be up to others to put in the time, effort and exploration to reap the rewards.  Many will find that more gratifying anyway.

White Fringed Bog Orchid  Platanthera blephariglottis  New Jersey Pinelands

Besides the Rose Pogonia and the Grass Pink orchids pictured above and gracing my bog ecosystem narrative,  two more of my favorites   (Well, “they’re all my favorites”)  include the White Fringed  Bog orchid and the Yellow or Orange Fringed Bog orchid pictured directly above and below.

The White Fringed can be found within wet or peaty areas alongside a few of the roadways traversing the New Jersey Pine Barrens and are often overlooked by most travelers.   The Yellow Fringed pictured here grows in a “Top Secret” spot shared by a friend,  but can also be found in the Valmont Bog Sanctuary in Luzerne County Pennsylvania and many other locations.

Yellow or Orange Fringed Bog Orchid,  Platanthera ciliaris,  Dauphin County,  Pennsylvania

Exploring the small “bog-like” ecosystems of the forests along the Appalachian front can offer amazing discoveries for those in search of fun and mysterious plant life.  I have dedicated a much of my time over the past few years to the Michaux State Forest,  close to home,  and just west of the historic town of Gettysburg Pennsylvania.  Michaux encompasses more than 85,500 acres,  hosted by the three counties of Adams, Cumberland and Franklin,  and borders the state of Maryland to the south.  Michaux was named for the French botanist,  Andre Michaux,  who discovered and named many plants in the 18th century.  Michaux is just a small part of Pennsylvania’s 2.2-million-acre state forest system which is one the largest certified forest systems in North America.

The Michaux State Forest is home to a variety of “wild orchids” occupying various habitats,  but one of my favorites,  and discovered by a friend and co-administrator of our “Strictly Wildflowers”  Facebook page,  Merry Stinson,  is the Loesel’s Wide Lipped Orchid (Liparis loeselii).  Merry,  like myself,  spends a great deal of time exploring the Michaux forest floor and wetlands for new and interesting wildflowers and plant-life.  This was an exciting find for her and I missed the bloom but located the seed pods.  I returned to the spot this summer to see and photograph the bloom of this species and found quite a few new plants in the immediate area.

Loesel’s Wide Lipped Orchid or Loselii’s Twayblade Orchid, Liparis loeselii,
(above and above left) Michaux State Forest,  Adams County,  Pennsylvania

Another “special” find for me within this forest,  and the year before but in a distant spot,  was the Little Club Spur Bog Orchid, or Small Wood Orchid (Platanthera clavellata) which coincidentally was discovered and named by the French botanist,  Andre Michaux.  I thought to myself,  what an appropriate discovery in this forest bearing his name.  This find was totally by accident while exploring a series of seeps looking for amphibians.   I noticed a tiny blooming plant near the edge of one of the seeps then found more as I continued to explore.  I located about a half
dozen scattered throughout the area.

Quite a few members of the orchid family blend neatly into their surroundings and can be difficult to notice at first glance and are very often overlooked.  Then you add the tiny size of some and the chore becomes even more difficult.  Many are of the “Plain Jane” variety,  being less colorful and simple unlike other family members with their “showy” attitudes and attributes.  Keeping a means of reference at hand,  or nearby is almost a necessity.  I keep printed guides in my vehicle always and digital references on my smart-phone.  When I first spotted this little gem,   I  had no idea what it was.  The leaf pattern was a tell-tale and a place to begin.  With a few seconds of research,  identification was a breeze.   It’s always rewarding when you find something new.

Little Club Spur Bog Orchid,  Platanthera clavellata, (above and above right)
Michaux State Forest,  Cumberland County,  Pennsylvania

Other Orchids around and near the Bog environment:  There are a host of orchid species that can be found close to bogs, fens and the bog-like habitats throughout the country and the list is numerous.

Below,   I thought I would include three I found in the Michaux State Forest as an example.  From left to right below is the Cypripedium acaule, Moccasin flower or Pink Lady’s Slipper orchid … Platanthera orbiculate, Large Round-leaved orchid … and Spiranthes cernua L., Nodding ladies’ tresses orchid.

From left to right … Pink Lady’s Slipper Orchid,  Cypripedium acaule …
Large Round-leaved Orchid,   Platanthera orbiculate …
Nodding ladies’ tresses Orchid,  Spiranthes cernua L.
Michaux State Forest,  Pennsylvania

 

The Princess and the Gladiators
Purple Pitcher Plant flowers,  Sarracenia purpurea
and the Rose Pogonia Orchid,  Pogonia ophioglossoides
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

Besides the Orchids,  Carnivorous plants are by far my favorites of the bogs and other bog-like ecosystems.  The “Meat Eaters” of the plant world are full of mystery and can spur one’s imagination. I recall the first time I saw North American Pitcher plants, (Sarracenia)  I was totally fascinated by their existence and baffled by their appearance.  After a bit of research,  I found it amazing how the beautiful pitcher-shaped traps are actually intricate natural adaptations to capture and digest insects in order to uptake minerals otherwise lacking in soil.

Purple Pitcher Plant,  Sarracenia purpurea
Spruce Flats Bog,  Laurel Summit State Park
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

There are 8 distinct species of the North American Pitcher Plant,  but literally hundreds of cultivars, variations, hybrids, and subspecies.  The primary eight include,  purple pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea),  yellow trumpet plants (Sarracenia flava),  sweet trumpets (Sarracenia rubra),  pale trumpets (Sarracenia alata),  white trumpets (Sarracenia leucophylla),  mountain trumpets (Sarracenia oreophila),  hooded pitcher plants (Sarracenia minor),  and parrot pitcher plants (Sarracenia psittacina)  …

Purple Pitcher Plant,  Sarracenia purpurea
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

Unlike some of the other carnivorous plants that trap their prey by movement and closing in upon them,  or using sticky substances to literally glue an unsuspecting insect to their grasp and dissolving them,  the pitcher plant uses the passive “pit-fall” method as the insect simply falls into the trap and become lunch.  The trapping mechanisms vary across the 8 species of Sarracenia, but all leverage the same passive means of catching prey.

Purple Pitcher Plant Flower,  Sarracenia purpurea
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

The Sundews,  (Drosera) are the “fly-papers” of the carnivorous plant world.   It was neat to discover that during 1791 Erasmus Darwin,  Charles Darwin’s grandfather,  had decided that the dew on this plant was a means of protection from predators.  He was quite wrong with his conclusion.  Later that same year,  William Bartram discovered quite the opposite, and decided that the dew was a means of attracting and purposefully capturing insects.  Later observations from a German botanist,  Dr. W. A. Roth concluded that the tentacles actually moved to increase surface area relative to an insect’s body.  It was finally Charles Darwin himself to acknowledge the carnivorous nature of Drosera in his 1875 book Insectivorous Plants wherein he primarily studied Drosera rotundifolia.  I will begin with a couple of photographs of the subject of Darwin’s study.

Round-leaf Sundew,  Drosera rotundifolia
Valmont Bog
Luzerne County, Pennsylvania

Finding “tiny” Sundews is always fun,  and one must be seriously looking for them to see them.  Unless you find a large patch, the Round-leaf sundew is very hard to notice in its environment and can be well hidden from sight and obscured by the mosses and other growth.  I had been photographing a Grass Pink orchid at the Valmont bog and incredibly by accident happened to notice the pair above.  They were the only two in this spot,  in fact the only two that I noticed at this bog,  but realized there were most likely many others.

Round-leaf Sundew,  Drosera rotundifolia
Michaux State Forest, Pennsylvania

If you look closely at the Round-leaf sundew above,  you can see how the tentacles have moved to capture an ant.  This was just one of a large patch I found along a small stream in the Michaux State Forest,  here in Pennsylvania near my home,  and ants seemed to be their primary food source as many had their remains still visible.  Photographing this tiny plant is a real chore and a good exercise in MACRO photography,  not to mention sometimes physically demanding on the old photographer kneeling in a cold mountain stream for an extended period of time to get the picture/s.

Thread-leaved Sundew,  Drosera filiformis
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

Two of the most prevalent and numerous sundews in the New Jersey Pineland bogs,  and especially the Webb’s Mill Bog in Ocean County,  are the Thread-leaved Sundew (Drosera filiformis) and Spatulate-leaved Sundew (Drosera intermedia).  Both are considerably larger than the Round-leaf sundew and by far easier to spot among the other plant-life attempting to obscure their presence.  The Thread-leaved (pictured above) is my favorite of the two,  especially during its bloom,  (pictured left) with it’s magenta or lavender rose like flower.  The Thread-leaved Sundew can only be found as a “native” species in 9 eastern states and the Nova Scotia province of the Canada Maritime’s.  Four states have given it special status with being listed as of special concern in Connecticut,  rare in New York,  historical in Rhode Island and endangered in Florida.  The species farther south in North Carolina and Florida have been re-classified by some botanists as a separate sub-species known as Drosera tracyi..  Droseraceae (Sundew Family) is one of the largest genera of the carnivorous plants with at least over 194 known species including the Spatulate-leaved or Spoonleaf Sundew (Drosera intermedia) pictured below.  I have “only begun” exploring and photographing this family of plants.

Spoonleaf Sundew, Drosera intermedia
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

Another “standout” of the Sundew family is the Spoonleaf,   or Spatulate-leaved Sundew pictured above and below,  which is considerably more common than the Thread-leaved presented above. It can be found in over 30 states from the Midwest east and south to Texas,  and 5 Canadian provinces.  Another favorite on my visits to the Webb’s Mill Bog in the New Jersey Pine Barrens and Ocean County.

Spoonleaf or  Spatulate-leaved Sundew,  Drosera intermedia
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

Horned bladderwort,  Utricularia cornuta (above and right)
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

One of the most interesting, as well as the largest genus of carnivorous plants with more than 228 species and the most geographically widespread is the bladderwort /or Utricularia.  Back in 1797,  English botanist James Sowerby assumed the bladders on these aquatic plants were possibly a means of flotation and the number of bugs within the bladders were simply lodging there.  There were numerous studies of bladderworts during the mid-1800’s,  but not until the early 20th century did botanists assume the true carnivorous nature of this genus.  It was during 1942 that the American botanist Francis Ernest Lloyd first described the luring, trapping, and digesting nature of these silent killers.

One of my favorites,  as well as the safest and easiest places to get around to see and photograph the Horned bladderwort,  is the Webb’s Mill Bog in Ocean County New Jersey and the Pine Barrens.  The circular boardwalk through the bog allows ample access without disturbing its sensitive ecosystem.  The plants are numerous and can create a sea of yellow on the bog floor.  The Horned bladderwort differs from many of the other bladderworts in being terrestrial instead of aquatic,  although it may occasionally become submerged.  I’ve seen them in both the exposed muddy/sandy bottoms or in very shallow flooded spots within this bog and others in the Barrens.

The Humped bladderwort or Conespur bladderpod (Utricularia gibba L.) pictured below is another from the Webb’s Mill Bog,  but is a bit less numerous as the Horned,  and like the others of this genus,  consumes its prey in the same manner.  Again, there are so many members of this genus and I hope to observe and photograph many more in the future.   This will be a “life-long” project.

Humped bladderwort,  Utricularia gibba
Webb’s Mill Bog,   New Jersey Pinelands

 

 

Bog Asphodel, Yellow Asphodel,  Narthecium americanum
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

My special draw to the state of New Jersey and the bogs of the Pine Barrens began with a longing desire to see and photograph a beautiful, rare and endangered species of plant, the Bog Asphodel.    Britannica’s definition of “Asphodel” is any of several flowering plants belonging to the family Asphodelaceae.  It is a variously applied and thus much misunderstood common name. The asphodel of the poets is often a narcissus; that of the ancients is either of two genera, Asphodeline or Asphodelus, containing numerous species in the Mediterranean region.

The Bog or Yellow Asphodel,  Narthecium americanum and its European relative,  Narthecium ossifragum is not an asphodel,  although it was once thought to be a miniature version of one,  but rather a member of the Lily Family, Liliaceae.  In the past,  the Bog Asphodel could only be found in four eastern states that included New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina and North Carolina,  but is now believed to be extirpated in all but one,  New Jersey and its pine land bogs and is threatened there as well.  It’s well worth a trip to the state and to visit it’s bogs to catch a glimpse of this lovely species before it disappears.

 

White beaksedge,   Rhynchospora alba
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

A unique family of plants in and around the bog ecosystem are the Sedges or Cyperaceae,  and they are numerous.   The Webb’s Mill Bog alone includes such species as Bulbostylis capillaris (densetuft hairsedge),  Carex exilis (coastal sedge),  Carex striata (Walter’s sedge),  Cyperus dentatus (toothed flatsedge),  Dulichium arundinaceum (three-way sedge),  Eleocharis tuberculosas (spikerush) ,  Rhynchospora fusca (brown beaksedge),  Rhynchospora pallida (pale beaksedge)  and the Rhynchospora alba (white beaksedge) pictured above and below, “just to name a few”… Then another from the Dolly Sods Wilderness in West Virginia is Eriophorum virginicum (Tawny cottongrass).   I should mention that I am just beginning my study and photography of the Sedges so look forward to updates to this post in the future.

White beaksedge,   Rhynchospora alba
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

White beaksedge,  Rhynchospora alba is a common sedge of the open and acidic soils of peatlands, fens, bogs, and conifer swamps and often forms colonies.  The whitish spike-lets of the flowers draw quite the attention.  When flowering, Tawny Cottongrass,  Eriophorum virginicum (pictured below) can bear a close resemblance,  but is distinguished by longer and broader leaf-like bracts, the longest 4+ inches, and more strongly 3-sided stems especially the upper stem.

Tawny Cottongrass,  Eriophorum virginicum
Dolly Sods Wilderness, West Virginia

 

Littleleaf or Short-leaved Milkwort,  Polygala brevifolia
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

The polygala genus of the Polygalaceae family is broad and I have my favorites of both the wetland associated plants as well as the ones from the drier environments such as the little “Gaywings” we find in the Michaux State Forest here close to home.  The short-leaved milkwort,  Polygala brevifolia (pictured above and below) is in the northern portion of its range in the New Jersey pinelands and bogs.  It is like the Drum-heads milkwort,  Polygala cruciata,  but Polygala cruciata has larger and more compacted flower heads, with shorter flower stalks to almost sessile to first set of leaves. Another I have yet to photograph is Orange milkwort or Polygala lutea found at the Whites Bog in the nearby Lebanon State Forest.  The Littleleaf or short-leaved milkwort below had been“kissed” by the morning dew…

Littleleaf or Short-leaved Milkwort,  Polygala brevifolia
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

 

Goldencrest,  Lophiola aurea
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

Another unique plant and inhabitant of the acidic wet soils of bogs and pineland swamps is the Goldencrest,  Lophiola aurea,  a member of the lily family,  although the state of Alabama still list it as Nartheciaceae, or a member of the Bog Asphodel Family.  Lophiola has been in the past classified as three distinct species, Lophiola americana within the New Jersey Pine Barrens and a small isolated population in Delaware,  Lophiola septentrionalis in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia and from the pocosins of North Carolina southward as Lophiola aurea.  Today, most botanist consider this plant as one species, Lophiola aurea.  Excluding Nova Scotia,  the plants range includes New Jersey as it’s northern most point and then continuing south to Florida and slightly west to the state of Louisiana,  excluding Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina.  Goldencrest is quite plentiful and can easily be seen within the Webb’s Mill Bog in the New Jersey Pine Barrens.

Goldencrest,  Lophiola aurea
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

 

Lanceleaf rose gentian,  Sabatia difformis
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

I find the Gentian family fascinating and the Lanceleaf rose gentian,  Sabatia difformis (pictured above and below) is just one of about 20 of the Sabatia genus of rose gentians.  It can be found in only 9 south-eastern and eastern states and is listed as endangered in some.  These were photographed from the Webb’s Mill Bog boardwalk,  but can be found in similar ecosystems throughout the New Jersey Pine Barrens and normally bloom from early July to late August.  They were a pleasant treat for a late summer visit and the first time I had ever seen one. It pays to take the time for additional visits throughout the spring,  summer and fall months.

Lanceleaf rose gentian,  Sabatia difformis
Webb’s Mill Bog, New Jersey Pinelands

Narrowleaf gentian,  Gentiana linearis
Dolly Sods Wilderness, West Virginia

Two of the more common of the gentian family,  the Narrowleaf gentian, Gentiana linearis (pictured above) and the Closed bottle gentian,  Gentiana andrewsii (pictured below) were found and photographed at the Dolly Sods Wilderness in the state of West Virginia. Again. Late summer into fall is the time of the bloom. Both the Narrowleaf and Closed Bottle Gentians have flowers that never open and for pollination, insects must force their way in among the tips of the petals. The Closed Bottle Gentian is by far more prevalent in the sods. I’ll note more about Dolly Sods in my location discussion.

Closed bottle gentian,  Gentiana andrewsii
Dolly Sods Wilderness, West Virginia

 

Large cranberry,  Vaccinium macrocarpon
Dolly Sods Wilderness,  West Virginia

The Large cranberry or American cranberry,  Vaccinium macrocarpon is a native fruit whose range extends in temperate climate zones from the East Coast to the Central U. S. and Canada and from Southern Canada in the north to the Appalachians in the south.  The wild plants thrive in peaty boggy areas while cultivated cranberries are a major commercial crop in the states of Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin,  as well as in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Quebec. Wisconsin is the largest producer of the cultivated cranberries with Massachusetts following in overall production.

The wild cranberries ripen in the fall,  but can be a bit bitter to the human pallet.  The ones pictured above and below were photographed in the Dolly Sods Wilderness in the state of West Virginia but can be found at most of the bogs I have visited throughout the Appalachian chain..

Large cranberry,  Vaccinium macrocarpon
Dolly Sods Wilderness,  West Virginia

 

There are literally thousands of bogs, fens and “bog-like” ecosystems throughout the eastern and Great Lakes region of the United States,  along with the central and eastern provinces of Canada, so finding these habitats is an easy chore,  however extreme caution and care must be used for their exploration.  Many of the lesser-known spots favored by local botanists are kept as guarded secrets to protect their sensitive habitats from plant poachers and commercial growers as well as people who lack the knowledge on how to approach or navigate their delicate surroundings.  The most important thing for the newand aspiring botanist or photographer is not to attempt to enter the bog itself,  but enjoy its treasures from a safe distance with minimal disturbance. This is for your safety as well, as some bogs have been known to eat humans,  literally!   It’s entirely possible to sink up to your waste or chest through the mosses before getting a foot hold on anything solid.  Then wondering out into the bog can also cause damage to ecosystem and you could easily step on and destroy threatened or endangered plant life.  So, enjoy our bogs,  their plant and animal life from “hard ground”, marked trails, boardwalks or the nearby road.  I’ll go into the photography, equipment and techniques at the end of this post.

Based on my above advise,  I am only going to mention a few well known bogs and habitats that are easily and safely accessible to the public for exploration and the one’s primarily located within the mid-Atlantic region.  Most of the ones mentioned are closely monitored by local or national organizations such as the Nature Conservancy,  State or National Forest/Park Services or private owners who allow access and perhaps a few of the lesser known habitats you can view from a distance.  I will also provide some links to publications to assist in locating some of these areas.

 

Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

One of my favorites, and a bog that has been a classroom for students of botany and naturalists for decades,  the Webb’s Mill Bog (actually a “Fen”) lies within the Greenwood State Forest and Greenwood Wildlife Management Area (Ocean County) in southern NJ along County Road 539 about five miles south of the intersection of Routes 70 and 539,  or about 6.5 miles north of the intersection of Routes 72 and 539, and just slightly south of the small bridge over the Webb’s Mill Branch of Cedar Creek.  It literally sits out in the middle of nowhere and there are no signs designating its location. Parking is limited to the sides of Cr 539 and caution should be used when exiting or pulling back on to the road.  Just look for the white sandy parking area to the east of the highway.  The trail leading to the narrow and oval boardwalk is often overgrown and hard to distinguish at its beginning although once you enter it’s well used and easy to follow.
See Map  Google has it marked as “Nature Trail Boardwalk”.   Here is Another View  of the trail entrance and as you can see, it’s narrow and overgrown…

The roughly 400-foot-long and oval boardwalk is narrow,  but is well built with solid decking,  railing and seems well maintained.  It provides a safe and effortless way to enjoy all the flora present in the bog while keeping one’s feet dry and not sinking waist deep in the mucky and mossy bog floor of which I will repeat as being detrimental to any such habitat.  On cloudy and humid summer evenings,  it’s a wonderful place to hear and perhaps even see and photograph the reclusive Pine Barrens Tree Frog.  Though the boardwalk is hardly ever crowded,  weekdays are optimum and on many days,  you can have it all to yourself.  Webb’s Mill is a fantastic place to begin your New Jersey Pine Barrens adventure.

Rose Pogonia Orchids,  Pogonia ophioglossoides
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

The plant list of the Webb’s Mill Bog is immense and incredible so,  I will just list a few of my favorites here starting with the trees to include Acer rubrum (red maple),  Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar),  Juniperus virginiana (red cedar),  Pinus rigida (pitch pine),  Quercus marilandica (black jack oak), Rubus cuneifolius (sand dewberry) and Sassafras albidum (sassafras). Herbs include the elusive, and for me “yet to see” Arethusa bulbosa (arethusa or Dragon Mouthed Orchid),  Eriocaulon compressum (flattened pipewort),  Eupatorium pilosum (rough thoroughwort),  Hypericum perforatum (common St. Johnswort),  Hypochoeris radicata (cat’s ear),  Leiophyllum buxifolium (sand myrtle),  Nymphaea odorata (fragrant white water lily), Orontium aquaticum (goldenclub or neverwet),  Plantago lanceolata (English plantain),  Triadenum virginicum (marsh St. Johnswort),  Utricularia fibrosa (fibrous bladderwort), Utricularia subulata (zig-zag bladderwort),  Xerophyllum asphodeloides (turkey beard) and the host of other herbs, some pictured above, along with a substantial list of bog related shrubs, rushes, grasses, ferns and sedges.

Webb’s Mill Bog Boardwalk
Webb’s Mill Bog,  New Jersey Pinelands

 

Spruce Flats Bog,  Laurel Summit State Park
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

Within the Forbes State Forest in Westmoreland County Pennsylvania, and the Spruce Flats Wildlife Management Area, the 28-acre Spruce Flats Bog is accessible by trail from the picnic area of the Laurel Summit State Park.  The bog’s origin is obscure and past geologic activity which may or may not have included glaciation,  left a depression on top of Laurel Ridge.  The depression proceeded through natural succession from open water, to marsh or swamp, to bog, to meadow and finally to forest. During the early 20th century loggers discovered a forest of virgin Hemlock which they misnamed Spruce growing on the flats. The forest was then clear-cut which caused a rise in the water table. Then evapotranspiration from the tree leaves and devastating fires at about the same time burned away the upper layers of organic matter which comprised the forest floor above the water table. These events set back the natural succession clock,  probably to the last swamp or early bog stage. Eventually, this succession may lead back to forest.

Purple Pitcher Plant,  Sarracenia purpurea and White beaksedge,   Rhynchospora alba
Spruce Flats Bog,  Laurel Summit State Park
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

Unlike the Webb’s Mill Bog above,  and many of our northern bogs,  the Spruce Flats Bog is not as diverse in aquatic plant life and during the 1950’s much of the population of the Purple Pitcher Plants were transplanted from other locations.  The three primary bog plant species found here include the Pitcher Plants,  Sundews and Cranberries along with grasses and sedges.  The surrounding woodlands hold some orchid species.  The trail from the picnic area is well maintained along with the short boardwalk over a part of the bog.  Located in the Laurel Highlands of Pennsylvania, winters can be harsh, and access can be extremely limited.

Spruce Flats Bog Boardwalk,  Laurel Summit State Park
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

 

Dolly Sods Entrance,  Forest Road 75
Dolly Sods Wilderness, West Virginia

 

Nestled among the highest elevations of the Allegheny Plateau,  and within the Monongahela National Forest of Wild Wonderful West Virginia, a lies a vast wilderness known as Dolly Sods. With elevations ranging from 2,600 feet to well over 4,000 feet above sea level,  the climate and plant life resembles that of northern Canada.  It’s a unique “island” of wild country surrounded by Appalachian hardwood forests.  The terrain is rugged and can only be reached by sometimes narrow, steep, dusty and bumpy gravel roads.  Communities of unusual plant life are a major draw to the Sods for many visitors and include sphagnum bogs, groves of wind-stunted, one-sided red spruce and twisted yellow birch, heath barrens, grassy sods, rhododendron and laurel thickets.

Heath barrens cover the highest areas where azaleas, mountain laurel, rhododendron, and blueberries hardly grow taller than chest high and can provide a breathtaking floral display from May through July,  along with the Painted Trillium and Bleeding Hearts in the woodlands.  Cranberries and the carnivorous sundews flourish in the bogs of floating sphagnum moss found in the shallow depressions.  The above mentioned is just a tiny portion of the list of plant life found in the sods.  Dolly Sods is one of my favorite places for birding as well with the beautiful Magnolia Warbler calling the Red Spruce and other confers home for their breeding season along with others.

Painted Trillium Trillium undulatum
Dolly Sods Wilderness, West Virginia

Care should be taken when visiting Dolly Sods in the early spring or late fall as weather conditions can change rapidly and without warning.

There are several ways to get to Dolly Sods, depending on where you’re travelling from:

From Petersburg, WV: Follow State Route 42 north to Jordan Run Road. Turn left onto Jordan Run Road and proceed approximately five miles to Forest Road 75. Turn right and go four miles to the Dolly Sods Scenic Area.

Follow State Route 28 and 55 south to Jordan Run Road. Turn right and go one mile on Jordan Run Road to Forest Road 19. Turn left and follow Forest Road 19 six miles to the Dolly Sods Scenic Area.

From Canaan Valley, WV: Follow Route 32 south to the Laneville Road. Turn left and follow the Laneville Road ten miles to the Dolly Sods Scenic Area. Before reaching the Scenic Area, the road passes several trail-heads and the Dolly Sods Picnic Area.

Dolly Sods Landscape
Dolly Sods Wilderness, West Virginia

 

The above is just the beginning of my exploration of our Bogs, Fens and bog-like ecosystems and I will be constantly adding to this post both with species and locations in the future, so if you subscribe to my blog and/or follow me on Facebook,  I will keep you posted as to additions.  I fully intend to do a post solely related to the Michaux State Forest here close to home in Pennsylvania in the future.

Again, I want to stress the delicate nature of these ecosystems and the extreme care that should be taken while exploring them.  “I cannot stress this enough”.  Always view them from a distance and/or at least  “leave no footprints”.